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In animation and film, "Mickey Mousing" (synchronized, mirrored, or parallel scoring) is a film technique that syncs the accompanying music with the actions on screen. "Matching movement to music,"〔Bordwell (2008), p.276, quoted in Rauscher, Andreas (2012). "Scoring Play: Soundtracks and Video Game Genres", ''Music and Game: Perspectives on a Popular Alliance'', p.98. Moormann, Peter; ed. ISBN 9783531189130.〕 or, "The exact segmentation of the music analogue to the picture."〔Wegele, Peter (2014). ''Max Steiner: Composing, Casablanca, and the Golden Age of Film Music'', p.37. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442231146.〕 The term comes from the early and mid-production Walt Disney films, where the music almost completely works to mimic the animated motions of the characters. Mickey Mousing may use music to "reinforce an action by mimicking its rhythm exactly....Frequently used in the 1930s and 1940s, especially by Max Steiner, it is somewhat discredited today, at least in serious films, because of overuse. However, it can still be effective if used imaginatively".〔Newlin, Dika (1977). "Music for the Flickering Image – American Film Scores", ''Music Educators Journal'', Vol. 64, No. 1. (Sep., 1977), pp. 24–35.pdf〕 Mickey Mousing and synchronicity help structure the viewing experience, to indicate how much events should impact the viewer, and to provide information not present on screen.〔Helvering (2007), p.178-180. Would viewers still have, "empathized with Kong if Steiner had not used Mickey Mousing to show Kong getting hurt when poked with knives or shot with bullets"? p.22.〕 The technique, "enable() the music to been seen to 'participate' in the action and for it to be quickly and formatively interpreted...and () also intensify the experience of the scene for the spectator."〔 However, Mickey Mousing may also create unintentional humor,〔〔Rauscher (2012), p.98.〕 and be used in parody or self-reference. Note that often it is not the music that is synced to the animated action, but the other way around. This is especially so when the music is a classical or other well-known piece. In such cases, the music for the animation is pre-recorded, and an animator will have an exposure sheet with the beats marked on it, frame by frame, and can time the movements accordingly. In the 1940 film ''Fantasia'', the musical piece ''The Sorcerer's Apprentice'', composed in the 1890s, contains a fragment that is used to accompany the actions of Mickey himself. At one point Mickey, as the apprentice, seizes an ax and chops an enchanted broom to pieces so that it will stop carrying water to a pit. The visual action is synchronized exactly to crashing chords in the music. ==Examples== The first known use of Mickey Mousing was in ''Steamboat Willie'' (1928), the first Mickey Mouse cartoon by Walt Disney, scored by Carl Stalling.〔 In the 1931 Van Beuren Studios animated short ''Making 'Em Move'' the "Mysterioso Pizzicato" theme is Mickey Moused to the action first to produce a 'false sense of foreboding' as a curious visitor enters the animation factory, and then again to accompany the villain in a cartoon-within-a-cartoon.〔Goldmark, D. (2011) "Sounds Funny/Funny Sounds" in D. Goldmark and C. Keil (eds). ''Funny Pictures: Animation and comedy in studio-era Hollywood'' pp 260-261. Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California. ISBN 9780520950122.〕 The entrance: C Eb G C' | Ab------- G------ :|| step step step step | stop/shhh door--- :|| ''King Kong'' (1933) uses Mickey Mousing throughout,〔Slowik, Michael (2014). ''After the Silents: Hollywood Film Music in the Early Sound Era, 1926-1934'', p.239. Columbia University. ISBN 9780231165839.〕 and is described by MacDonald as, "perhaps the single most noteworthy aspect of Steiner's score for ''King Kong''."〔MacDonald, Laurence (2013). ''The Invisible Art of Film Music''. Scarecrow. ISBN 9780810883987. Quoted in Slowik (2014), p.239.〕 The descending scale segments accompanying the chief's walk down stairs towards Denham's party continue after the camera cuts to the Denham, implying the chief's continued descent and maintaining suspense.〔 Some scenes in ''The Informer'' (1935) where filmed in synch with a prerecorded score.〔Kalinak (1992), p.115.〕 In ''Casablanca'' (1942), the technique is only used when Bergman draws a gun on Bogart and at the end when Rains throws away a bottle of Vichy.〔Wegele (2014), p.38.〕〔 ''Rhapsody Rabbit'' (1946) depicts Bugs Bunny slip back and forth between performing ''Hungarian Rhapsody'' and various music Mickey Mousing his actions.〔 Cartoon examples include ''Tom and Jerry'' (1940),〔 ''Ugly Duckling'' (1931), ''Dizzy Dishes'' (1930), and ''Barnacle Bill'' (1930).〔Slowik (2014), p.334, n.50.〕 Paul Smith used the technique in several scores for True-Life Adventures documentary films in the fifties, including ''In Beaver Valley'', ''Nature's Half Acre'', ''Water Birds'', and ''The Olympic Elk''.〔MacDonald (2013), p.173.〕 An example of "mickey mousing" is used to accompany Bill Sikes's beating murder of Nancy in the film ''Oliver!'' (1968). In this case, the music is partially used to "cover" her cries as she is being struck. In Kenneth Branagh's ''Much Ado About Nothing'' (1993), Mickey Mousing is used at the opening, with the visual slowed to match the music, producing an intentionally lightly comical effect.〔Stevens (2009), p.95.〕 In video games, Mickey Mousing may occur in dynamic audio compositions, such as in reaction or for indication (for example, in response to character action or to alert the player to the end of a countdown), and is often found in platform games.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mickey Mousing」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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